Electronic Health Records And Tele - 1978 Words

Introduction The use of electronic health records and tele-nurse has become very popular across the United States recently. These techniques allow offices to go paperless. Converting to electronic health records and tele-nursing has been proven to improve the overall success of physicians who are willing to convert to these methods. To make the best decisions, doctors must have the most accurate and up-to-date information for each client. Proper implementation of these methods will take time to work to perfection. Electronic health record and tele-nursing will guarantee that each patient receives the best services with a minimum of mistakes According to Furguson, â€Å"Telemedicine is the use of medical information exchange from one site to†¦show more content†¦As a result, doctors will have to be especially careful to ensure that only authorized personnel has access to viewing client’s records. The government has set laws that govern how and when a client’ s medical records can be viewed. First, any healthcare provider is mandated to notify the client if there has been a breach of information. In the United States, more than 500 hundred patients a year are victims of unauthorized viewing or breach in confidentiality (Shaul, 2000). Nevertheless, it is nearly impossible for a patient to correct an error in his/her medical records. When a patient has been the victim of medical identity theft, the patient and the culprit’s information becomes a new unidentified patient. Determining which information belongs to the original patient and the thief can become a long task. The thief might use the victim’s information to have major or specialty procedures completed. Such claims can be very expensive and cause the victim to max out on allotted treatments by his/her insurance company. Often, the victim does not realize that he/she is a victim until they go in for an actual procedure and their insurance claim is denied Ethical Issues Some ethical issues have been raised due to electronic health records. The major question that patients have is who is actually viewing their information and how will unauthorized

Pfizer Strageic Plan Free Essays

string(19) " we work and live\." OUTLINE FOR THE STRATEGIC PLAN Please bullet your responses. Staple the completed assignment; do not spend any money binding the assignment. Make sure to respond to every item. We will write a custom essay sample on Pfizer Strageic Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now I. GETTING STARTED A. Steps in Strategic Management Process Step 1 |Identify the organization’s mission, vision, and value statement | |Step 2 |Determine the firms main business and organizational objectives | |Step 3 |Conduct a SWOT analysis identifying the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats | |Step 4 |Construct a Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) | |Step 5 |Construct an External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix | |Step 6 |Construct and Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix | |Step 7 |Construct a Value Chain Analysis | |Step 8 |Prepare a SPACE, BCG, TOWS Analysis, and QSPM Matrix | |Step 9 |Use the data above to weigh alternative strategies, make strategic recommendations, develop a plan of action | | |(implementation), and convey the ROI | |Step 10 |Construct Contingency Plan | B. Information and/or materials used to complete assignment †¢ Resources used in completing the assignment are as follows: Strategic Management Concepts and C ases’ 12th edition textbook, SP 500 website, Yahoo Finance, Bloomberg. com, Pfizer. com, Google Finance, Reuters. om, and Google search engine including the web pages cited on the Works Cited page. C. Time Frame †¢ My goal is to actively work on a portion of the outline everyday and have it completed to its entirety by the time it is due; therefore I will not have to rush to get it done last minute. D. Resources Needed – all resource your team used to complete this assignment †¢ FAMU database, online articles, company website. II. MANDATES (â€Å"MUSTS†) -CLARIFYING/UNDERSTANDING A. History/Evolution of the Organization †¢ Pfizer was founded in 1849 by Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in Brooklyn, New York and has remained dedicated to improving the health and well being of individuals around the world. The demand for Pfizer’s products soared throughout the Civil War as the demand for painkillers, disinfectants and preservatives increased. In 2000, Pfizer and Warner-Lambert merge to form the new Pfizer, which created the world’s fastest growing Pharmaceutical company. In 2008, Jeff Kindler, Chairman and CEO of Pfizer, announces the next step in the company’s evolution and outlines the company’s plan to establish smaller operating units designed to enhance innovation and accountability, while drawing upon the advantages of Pfizer’s scale and resources. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer acquires Wyeth, creating a company with a broad range of products and therapies that touch the lives of patients and consumers every day and at every stage of life. In 2010, Pfizer announces a diversified R platform named Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, supporting excellence in small molecules, large molecules and vaccine research and development. As apart of the acquisition of Wyeth in 2009, Pfizer initially implemented a two-division structure for research and development (BioTherapeutics and PharmaTherapeutics) to ensure the progress and steady integration of both legacy organizations. Due to the speed and effectiveness of that integration, Pfizer progresses to this new model while maintaining the same breadth and research programs. On December 1 and 2 2011 Pfizer completed the acquisitions of Excaliard Pharmaceuticals and Ferrosan Consumer Health’s Business, respectively. B. Identify formal aspects of the organization †¢ Corporate Governance Include: Board of Directors, Board Committees, Code of Ethics, CEO/CFO Certifications, Executive Officers, Policy and Procedures for Accounting and Legal Complaints †¢ Pfizer has created two distinct research organizations. The PharmaTherapeutics Research Development Group focuses on the discovery of small molecules and related modalities; and The BioTherapeutics Research Development Group focuses on large-molecule research, including vaccines. The goal with Pfizer doing this is to maximize opportunities within the Biomedical research sector. †¢ Pfizer has also developed an enhanced commercial operating structure. Pfizer has nine diverse health care businesses: Primary Care, Specialty Care, Oncology, Emerging Markets, Established Products, Consumer Healthcare, Nutrition, Animal Health and Capsugel. Each of these businesses is led by an executive with clear accountability for results – from product development following proof of concept to providing access to patients and through to the end of the product’s life cycle. B. Identify informal aspects culture of the organization †¢ Pfizer is sustained on innovation, which seeks a nourishing environment in which ideas and perspectives can flourish. It is an array of unique characteristics, perspectives, and life experiences. Pfizer Colleague Resource Groups (CRGs) are organized by colleagues who join together to provide a positive forum for professional development. By embracing diversity of thought and experience, our CRGs help drive innovation and build on our success. †¢ David Simmons, the president and general manager of the Established Products Business Unit at Pfizer. Simmons has been highly successful at building a new, non-traditional culture within Pfizer for his business unit. One example of this was that Simmons was able to product high quality drugs at affordable costs, and he did this as high grossing patents were near expiration III. VISION STATEMENT, MISSION STATEMENT VALUES STATEMENT ANALYSES A. Vision Statement At Pfizer, we’re inspired by a single goal: your health. That’s why we’re dedicated to developing new, safe medicines to prevent and treat the world’s most serious diseases. And why we are making them available to the people who need them most. We believe that from progress comes hope and the promise of a healthier world. B. Vision Statement Analysis – Does it answer the question â€Å"What to do we want to become? † If not, revise it. If organization does not have one, create one. †¢ Yes, I believe that it answers the question as to what they want to become. Its states that they are dedicated to developing new ways to prevent and treat diseases. C. Values Statement Pfizer does not have a value statement. D. Value Statement Analysis – Does it represent the organization’s guiding principles? If not, revise it. If organization does not have one, create one. †¢ Pfizer will work to provide the best quality drugs that will cater to the most people. We will ensure that as a company we will work to do what is best for our patients, physicians and consumers. B. Mission Statement †¢ We will become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers, colleagues, investors, business partners, and the communities where we work and live. You read "Pfizer Strageic Plan" in category "Essay examples" D. Mission Statement Analysis – Does it have the 9 components? If not, revise it to include all 9 components. If organization does not have one, create one. †¢ No, the mission statement does not include all the nine components. After revising the mission statement, it should be read: o We will become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers, colleagues, investors, business partners, and the communities where we work and live. We will ensure that we provide products of the best quality at affordable prices to all. We will work hard to ensure that we keep up with the needs and problems of our consumers and provide what is best. We will continue to promote the well-being of our consumers as well as the well-being of our shareholders and employees as well as promote diversity. We will keep abreast of the ever-changing technology to ensure that they needs of our consumers are met at all times and also that we will not become obsolete to our customers. We will forever be dedicated to developing new, safe medicines to prevent and treat the world’s most serious diseases. And why we are making them available to the people who need them most. |List each of the 9 components |Excerpts from Mission Statement addressing the component | |1. Customers |We will work hard to ensure that we keep up with the needs and problems of our consumers and provide what is| | |best. | |2. Products or Services |We will ensure that we provide products of the best quality at affordable prices to all. | |3. Markets |We will ensure that we provide products of the best quality at affordable prices to all. | |4. Technology |We will keep abreast of the ever-changing technology to ensure that they needs of our consumers are met at | | |all times and also that we will not become obsolete to our customers. | |5. Concern for survival, growth, and profitability|We will keep abreast of the ever-changing technology to ensure that they needs of our consumers re met at | | |all times and also that we will not become obsolete to our customers. | |6. Philosophy |We will forever be dedicated to developing new, safe medicines to prevent and treat the world’s most serious| | |diseases. And why we are making them available to the people who need them most. | |7. Self- Concept |We will become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers, colleagues, investors, busines s | | |partners, and the communities where we work and live. | |8. Concern for public image |We will continue to promote the well-being of our consumers as well as the well-being of our shareholders | | |and employees as well as promote diversity. | |9. Concern for employees |We will become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers, colleagues, investors, business | | |partners, and the communities where we work and live. | IV. ASSESSING EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT A. Identify Opportunities / Threats – Analyze trends in the following areas: political, legal, competitive, economic, social, cultural, demographic, technological, environmental, and governmental. Provide at least 1 opportunity 1 threat for each of the 10 areas. Provide responses in bullet format. Political | |Opportunity |Threat | |Measures taken to close the Coverage gap also known as the donut hole may |New Health care Reform Bill was put in place 2010. This law requires drug | |result in people using more brand name drugs rather than buying generic. 9 |producer s to make rebates to state Medicaid agencies based on their costs to | | |provide prescription drugs to Medicaid beneficiaries. | | |Constant pressure to lower prescription drug prices from the government2 | |Legal | |Opportunity |Threat | |Acquisitions and in-licensing /co-development opportunities such as recent |Expiration of Patents for drugs, face a loss of up to billions of dollars due | |acquisitions of Excaliard and Ferrosan Consumer Health’s Business in December |to generics taking market share. For example, Lipitor, which grossed 11 billion| |2011 may help Pfizer meet unmet needs of their customers. 23 |in revenues last year expired November 28, 2011. This means that other | | |companies are allowed to produce the generic version of the drug. 2 | | |Number of New Molecular Entities approved by the FDA has declined. In 2009, | | |NMEs approved were 26 and 2010 were 21. 2 | | |Beginning of 2011 was a series of new fees in the form of excise taxes payable | | |to the federal government. 12 | |Competitive | |Opportunity |Threat | |Barriers for additional companies to enter the market are high. 4 |French drug maker Sanofi-Aventis’ $20 billion acquisition of Genzyme Corp. | | |completed in April 2011 | | |Fierce competition among Pharmaceutical companies such as Proctor Gamble and | | |Johnson Johnson. | | |Japanese drug sales are also expected to expand with current sales of 60 | | |billion, 11% of the world market share. | |Economic | |Opportunity |Threat | |Dema nds for certain drugs are relatively inelastic. 4 |Based on the projected losses due to loss of market share, Pfizer has shed | | |53,000 and 61, 000 jobs in 2010 and 2009 respectively | | |The decline in spending in the US in the last few years | | |Revenue may be hurt by ongoing negative effects from U. S. ealth care reform | | |and austerity pricing in Europe | | |Inflation will cause an increase in cost and raise drug prices | | |Competition from newer, better drugs may be a threat to sales. For example, | | |Vivus is a new ED drug that may be able to compete with Viagra. 3 | |Social | |Opportunity |Threat | |450 million Americans are over the age of 65 and healthcare spending is the |Number of NMEs approved by the FDA has declined12 | |highest among these individuals2 | | |Humana and Pfizer Form Research Partnership to Improve Health Care Delivery for| | |Seniors in 2011. | | |Cultural | |Opportunity |Threat | |Like GlaxoSmithKline and Abbott Labs in particular — Pf izer has its sights on |Number of legislative proposals seeking to allow importation of medicines into | |developing countries for a revenue bump. 13 |the U. S. and revenues could be affected | |Demographic | |Opportunity |Threat | |Asian drug sales are also expected to expand. For example, Takeda |77 million people by 2031 will be enrolled in Medicare and Health care and | |Pharmaceutical Company, Asia’s biggest drug maker, reported an 18 percent jump |Medicare will not be able to finance this many people2 | |in first-quarter profit, helped by the sale of new medicines in the beginning | | |of 2011. 9 | | |Technological | |Opportunity |Threat | |Pfizer has plenty of drugs in its pipeline with blockbuster potential. 3 | | |Environmental | |Opportunity |Threat | |Adoption of new environmental strategies to be more socially responsible |Adverse effect on drug prices due to threat of imported drugs and threat of | | |counterfeited drugs due to importing and exporting. | B. Monitor Major Stakeholders/Stakeholder Analysis – Customers, Competitors (list at least 3 of the organizations major competitors, Individuals in the community, Employees, Stockholders, etc. 1. Identify Stakeholders |Identify Internal Stakeholders |Identify External Stakeho lders | |Ian C. Reed- President, CEO, Director |Johnson Johnson | |Frank A. D’Amelio- CFO, EVP of Business Ops. |JP Morgan Chase Co | |Mikael Dolsten- Pfizer Worldwide RD |Northern Trust | |Freda- Lewis Hall- EVP, Chief Medical Officer |Proctor Gamble | 2. Stakeholder Matrix – classify the internal external stakeholders identified above into the appropriate boxes. High Interest/Importance, High Influence |High Interest/Importance, Low Influence | |Ian Reed |Proctor Gamble | |Frank D’Amelio |Johnson Johnson | |JP Morgan Chase Co |Dow Chemical | |State Street Corporation |Merck and Co Inc. | | |Customers | | Employees | |Low Interest/Importance, High Influence |Low Interest/Importance, Low Influence | |Government |Lenders | |Insurance Companies |Suppliers | | | | | | | | | | 3. Stakeholder Analysis |Stakeholder |Responsibility of |What does organization |Stakeholder’s potential |Stakeholders’ perceived |Stakeholder Management | | |Stakeholder to the |expect the stakeholder to |impact on the organization |attitudes and/or risks to |Strategy (SMS) | | |organization |provide? (high, medium, or low) |the organization | | | | | | | |N/A | |Investors |Fund the organization |Provide funding and |High |High Risk; Conservative | | | | |liquidity to the | |Attitude | | | | |organization | | | | | |Strategic plans and |Provide expertise, | |High Risk; Positive |Bottom-Up | |Employees |operations. Supports the|knowledge and value |High |Attitude | | | |functionality and | | | | | | |operational processes | | | | | | |Make critical decisions |Provide conceptual |High |High risk; Conservative |Top-down | |Shareholders | |knowledge and top-down flow| |Attitude | | | | |of decision making | | | | | |Meet market demands |Provide products and | |Medium Risk; Positive |N/A | |Suppliers | |services |Medium |Attitude | | External Factor Evaluation |Opportunities | | | | | |Weight |Rating (1-4) |Weighted Score | |1. Measures taken to close the donut hole may result in people using more brand |. 07 |3 |. 1 | |name drugs rather than buying generic | | | | |2. Acquisitions and in-licensing /co-development opportunities |. 06 |4 |. 24 | |3. 450 million Americans are over the age of 65 and healthcare spending is the |. 07 |4 |. 28 | |highest among these individuals | | | | |4. Expansion of the biologic pharmacy market. |. 07 |4 |. 28 | |5. Bought King pharmaceutical for $3. 6 billion which would open up more |. 06 |4 |. 4 | |manufacture and sales adding to the capital of the company (Carrie, 2009). | | | | |6. Barriers for additional companies to enter into market are high |. 05 |4 |. 20 | |7. Demands for certain drugs are relatively inelastic. |. 07 |4 |. 28 | |Threats | | | | |8. Japanese drug sales are also expected to expand with current sales of 60 |. 08 |2 |. 6 | |billion, 11% of the world market share. | | | | |9. In 2009, Pfizer got assessed a 2. 3 billion fine for which they employed illegal|. 08 |1 |. 08 | |marketing strategies. | | | | |10. Large manufacture and low research for new inductions in the market could |. 07 |2 |. 14 | |decline the profitability. | | | | |11. Constant pressure to lower prescription drug prices from the government |. 5 |2 |. 1 | |12. Number of NMEs approved by the FDA has declined |. 04 |2 |. 08 | |13. The decline in spending in the US in the last few years |. 07 |1 |. 07 | |14. Inflation will cause an increase in cost and raise drug prices |. 06 |1 |. 06 | |15. Number of legislative proposals seeking to allow importation of medicines into|. 05 |2 |. 1 | |the U. S. nd revenues could be affected | | | | |16. 77 million people by 2031 will be enrolled in Medicare and Health care and |. 06 |2 |. 12 | |Medicare will not be able to finance this many people | | | | | | |Total |2. 64 | Pfizer seems to be taking advantage of the opportunities presented as well as avoiding threats but there is still room for improvement. For example, Pfizer seems to be taking advantage of some of the acquisitions that they have had over the last two years. They are seizing the opportunities of the expanding biological pharmacy market. Starting with the acquisition of Wyeth in 2009 and then the acquisitions of Excaliard and Ferrosan Consumer Health’s Business. Pfizer saw that they were not meeting the needs of some of their customers but their competitors were. Excaliard is a privately owned biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel drugs for the treatment of skin fibrosis, more commonly referred to as skin scarring. Ferrosan Consumer Health’s Business focuses on dietary supplements and lifestyle products. In addition to this, although New Molecular Entities approved by the FDA have declined, Pfizer has managed to get 3 drugs approved by the FDA in 2011 alone. Lastly, Pfizer has responded relatively well to the governmental pressure of lowering their prices as well as the Lipitor patent expiring at the end of November. Pfizer has implemented multiple rebate and discount programs to help assist their consumers. For example, Pfizer has recently partnered with Wal-Mart to offer a $4 prescription program allowing consumers to obtain their prescriptions at that low price. This helps to mitigate the complete loss of revenue and market share if consumers were to go to generic all together. I believe that the reason Pfizer did not receive a score of higher than a 3 was because a lot of these new policies have been recent (2010, 2011) and Pfizer seems to be trying to figure out how to remain profitable as well as cater to their consumers and these acquisitions are all relatively new and Pfizer seems to be just getting adjusted. Competitive Profile Matrix | |Pfizer |Johnson Johnson |Eli Lilly | |Critical Success Factors |Weight |Rating |Weighted Score |Rating |Weighted |Rating |Weighted Score | | | | | | |Score | | | |Organizational Structure |. 05 |2 |. 10 |4 |. 20 |1 |. 5 | |Price Competitiveness |. 10 |3 |. 30 |3 |. 30 |3 |. 30 | |Advertising |. 04 |1 |. 04 |1 |. 04 |4 |. 16 | |Product Quality |. 10 |3 |. 30 |3 |. 30 |3 |. 30 | |Sales Distribution |. 10 |4 |. 40 |3 |. 30 |2 |. 0 | |Customer Loyalty |. 03 |3 |. 09 |3 |. 09 |3 |. 09 | |Global Expansion |. 11 |4 |. 44 |3 |. 33 |2 |. 22 | |Market Share |. 11 |4 |. 44 |4 |. 44 |3 |. 33 | |Demographics |. 03 |3 |. 09 |3 |. 09 |3 |. 9 | |Financial Position |. 15 |4 |. 60 |3 |. 45 |2 |. 30 | |Research and Development |. 13 |4 |. 52 |4 |. 52 |3 |. 39 | |Innovation |. 10 |3 |. 30 |3 |. 30 |2 |. 20 | |Total |1. 00 | |3. 52 | |3. 16 | |2. 58 | From constructing the Competitive Profile Matrix, it is apparent that Pfizer is the strongest among the three competitors compared. V. ASSESSING INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT A. Strengths/Weaknesses |Management | |Strength |Weakness | |In June 2011, Pfizer announced strategic partnerships with ICON plc and PAREXEL|Sometimes Pfizer may have to discontinue the production of drugs; therefore the| |International Corporation, both of which will serve as strategic providers of |demand for that drug increases. |clinical trial implementation services over a five-year period beginning in | | |June 2011 | | |Adoption of new environmental strategies to be more socially responsible | | |Working with numerous companies to do collaborative work in research and | | |development. | | |Pfizer is continually developing new strategies such as plant restructuring and| | |energy master plan. | |Pfizer is divided into multiple sectors so that most leaders have a specific | | |rather than general role. | | |Pfize r expects to increase its market share from 4% to 6% by reinforcing its | | |leadership, expanding developments in high growth markets, building leadership | | |in oncology and taking advantage of RD in Asia and other countries. | |Marketing | |Strength |Weakness | |Renewed emphasis in the faster growing fields of specialty pharmaceuticals, |Co marketing with other pharmaceutical companies may slow down its global | |biologics, vaccines, and, in some cases, even generics. |growth. | |Its number one pharmaceutical from sales point of view and its marketing |Decreased amount of advertising | |infrastructure is well established throughout the world. | | |Pfizer as six markets, which include Brazil, China, Mexico, Turkey, Russia, and| | |India. | |For the ninth consecutive year, the Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sales Force was voted| | |as first overall in Verispan’s â€Å"Pharmaceutical Sales Force Structures. | | |Human Resources | |Strength |Weakness | |Global working network wit h 95,000 workers |According the glassdoor. om, the company morale is at an all time low | |Accounting/Financials | |Strength |Weakness | |7. 5% ranking corporation market share |Prices, according to the federal government, are too high and are currently | |Sales have increased from 16. 02% in 2008 to 22. 89% in 2010. |trying to get Pfizer to cut their prices. | |High budget pharmaceutical industries having the revenue of $50 billion |Lowest Earnings per Share among competitors. For example, Pfizer has an EPS of | | |$. 48 and Johnson Johnson and Eli Lilly have an EPS of $1. 5 and $1. 11, | | |respectively. | | |The integration of large acquisitions including a pair by Pfizer — hasn’t | | |resulted in s great return on equity. | | |Each new drug can cost as much as $1 billion to develop, with no guarantee of | | |success. |Internal Technology | |Strength |Weakness | |Due to the expectation of the drugs expiring and the decline and market share, |Delays caused by regu lations and the unsuccessful completion of clinical trials| |Pfizer has focused most of the RD on Biotech based treatments |reduce the potential recovery and returns of investments such as RD. | |Their research and development sector is highly established and in good | | |strength. | | |Renewed emphasis in the faster growing fields of specialty pharmaceuticals, | | |biologics, vaccines, and, in some cases, even generics. | | |Pfizer Announces Licensing Agreement With Puma Biotechnology, Inc. For The | | |Development And Commercialization Of Neratinib, An Investigational Pan-HER | | |Inhibitor | | |U. S. Food And Drug Administration Approves Pfizer’s XALKORI ® (crizotinib) As | | |First And Only Therapy Specifically For Patients With Locally Advanced Or | | |Metastatic ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. | | | | |Other | |Strength |Weakness | |Chance to acquire new patents for new technological products |Currently only serving American, European and Asian markets. They are not | |Pfizer has been public in its efforts to address climate change. Our Energy and|serving African or Australian markets. | |Climate Change Program seeks to minimize the cost and operational restrictions | | |arising from a carbon-constrained environment, reduce Pfizer’s contribution to | | |GHG emissions, and assess the risk presented to Pfizer’s operations from the | | |potential physical changes resulting from a warming global climate. | |Pfizer has committed to en sure that their quality is top notch and no | | |counterfeit products have been purchased by their consumers. | | |Pfizer is committed to its outsourcing. The key considerations for outsourcing | | |decisions include the ability to supply and capacity flexibility, regulatory | | |compliance and safe practices, technology and cost competiveness. | | |Pfizer has a structure for quality. Some components include creating, | | |implementing, and upholding standard operating procedures for trial execution, | | |a quality scientific and medical design of the protocol, clinical investigator | | |and site pre-assessment and selection, regulatory agency and ethics committee | | |approval, developing and providing appropriate informed consent, adequate | | |recording and reporting of data, periodic monitoring and audits. | | B. Value Chain Analysis – Graphically depict the organization’s value chain |Infrastructure: | |-Pfizer’s Executive Leadership Team is the company’s senior-most leadership and decision-making management body. It brings together our top leaders to focus on major | |financial, strategic and operational decisions for the company. | |-The Governance structure of Pfizer consists of an Executive Board (CEO, CFO, President), Board of Directors (Dennis Ausiello, Michael S. Brown), Shareholders (JPMorgan,| |Northern Trust, Ian Reed, State Street Corporation). | |-Pfizer has made several initiatives to ensure a diverse company culture. They also have recognized their responsibility towards their customers. Certain policies | |include: Business conduct, Lobbying and Political contributions, Sales and Marketing, Research and clinical trials, workplace standards, and laboratory animal care. 10 | |Human Resource Management: | |Pfizer has agreements with different universities and recruit from different areas of study. This serves to create a diverse environment and fosters a challenging and | |open culture. Some of their values with regards to their employees are: sustain focus on performance, create an inclusive environment, exchange open discussion and | |debate, manage change, develop people, and align across Pfizer. 2 | |Research and Development: | |Pfizer is prioritizing its research and development efforts in areas with the greatest scientific and commercial promise: immunology and inflammation, oncology, | |cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, neuroscience and pain, and vaccines. Through major research efforts across multiple modalities including small molecules, | |biologics and vaccines. | |Pfizer has set up the phases of clinical development from making the drug to administering the drug through clinical trials and then manufacturing and selling the drugs. | |2 | |Procurement: | |Pfizer is expected to increase outsourced manufacturing of products from approximately 17 percent to 30 percent over the next three years. Key considerations for | |outsourcing decisions include the ability to supply, capacity flexibility, cost competitiveness,and technology. | |Inbound Logistics: |Operations: |Outbound Logistics: |Marketing and Sales: |Service: | |Pfizer procurement professionals |-Pfizer has nine diverse health|-Pfizer has trained over 95 |-Channels of marketing include:|-Pfizer is committed to providing a | |regularly |care businesses: Primary Care, |percent of colleagues worldwide|Television, print ad and online|quality drug to their customers. | |engage with suppliers to reinforce |Specialty Care, Oncology, |in basic problem solving, which|ads. Pfizer has created programs such as | |Pfizer’s expectations in all |Emerging Markets, Established |has resulted in over 8,000 |-Pharmaceutical sales |the $4 Wal-Mart prescription program| |operational business areas. This |Products, Consumer Healthcare, |improvement |representatives are among the |to provide their drugs at a fraction| |collaboration leads |Nutrition, Animal Health and |projects across the world in |top in the nation. They receive|of the cost. | |to improvement projects with |Capsugel†. 8 |the last five |extensive training so they are |- | |significant performance benefits, | |years. Significant improvements|knowledgeable of the drugs. | |such as reduced | |to Pfizer’s |They have knowledge of Pfizer | | |packaging and transportation costs, | |key products have delivered a |products as well as their | | |and elimination of undesirable | |40 percent reduction i n both |competitors. 2 | | |chemicals through process | |the time to make and ship the | | | |improvements†. 8 | |product as well as allowing a | | | | | |reduction in inventory†. 8 | | | Primary Activities Financial Ratios: Financial Ratios |Pfizer Inc |Industry |SP 500 |How Pfizer is doing in | | | | | |comparison to the industry? | |Growth Rate % | | | | | |Sales (Qtr vs. year ago Qtr) |7. 5 |5. 90 |14. 40 |Better | |Net Income (YTD vs. YTD) NA |NA |NA | | |Net Income (Qtr vs. year ago Qtr) |185. 10 |66. 00 |46. 30 |Better | |Sales (5 Year Annual Avg) |7. 42 |7. 59 |8. 28 |Worse | |Net Income (5-Year Annual Avg) |1. 68 |2. 38 |8. 48 |Worse | |Dividends (5-Year Annual Avg) |-1. 08 |9. 81 |5. 9 |Worse | | | | | | | |Financial Condition | | | | | |Debt/Equity Ratio |. 46 |1. 14 |1. 05 |Better | |Current Ratio |2. 3 |1. 7 |1. 4 |Better | |Quick Ratio |1. 9 |1. 4 |1. 0 |Better | |Interest Coverage |9. 6 |23. 5 |316. |Worse | | | | | | | |Investment Returns % | | | | | | Return on Equity |11. 4 |30. 0 |26. 3 |Worse | |Return on Assets |5. 2 |8. 8 |8. 9 |Worse | |Return on Capital |6. 1 |11. 7 |11. 9 |Worse | | | | | | |Management Efficiency | | | | | |Income/Employee |91,763 |84,518 |130,228 |Better | |Revenue/Employee |616,998 |539,073 |1 Mil |Better | |Receivable Turnover |4. 5 |5. 5 |15. 9 |Worse | |Assets Turnover |0. 4 |0. 6 |0. |Better | |Inventory Turnover |1. 8 |2. 7 |12. 5 |Worse | * http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/compare. asp? symbol=pfe* C. Assess all Functional areas using the internal checklists Management Audit Checklist – Give an example for each response |1. Does the organization use strategic management concepts? |Yes, Pfizer is continually developing new strategies such as plant restructuring and | | |energy master plan. For example, In June 2011, Pfizer announced strategic partnerships | | |with ICON plc and PAREXEL International Corporation, both of which will serve as strategic| | |providers of clinical trial implementation services over a five-year period beginning in | | |June 2011 | |2. Are organization objectives and goals measurable and well |Yes, some of Pfizer’s goals include maximizing opportunities in Biomedical research, | |communicated? |forging relationships with ey customers, etc. | |3. Do managers at all hierarchical levels plan effectively? |Yes, Pfizer is divided into multiple sectors so that most leaders have a specific rather | | |than general role. Pfizer is divided into 2 sectors, the PharmaTherapeutics Research | | |Development Group and the BioTherapeutics Research Development Group. Each sector has | | |its own managers; therefore it becomes easier to be able to plan effectively. | |4. Is the organization’s structure appropriate? |Yes, their leadership brings together top leaders to focus on major financial, operational| | |and strategic decisions. They have managers for every sector who work specifically to | | |foster the success of that sector. This creates an atmosphere for managers and employees | | |to focus on their specific sector rather than divide their attention. | |5. Are job descriptions and job specifications clear? Yes, Pfizer provides a detailed description of the top managers and what they do as well | | |as what they expect from all their employees. | |6. Is employee morale high? |No, according to glassdoor. com, the employee morale is at an all time low. | |7. Is employee turnover and absenteeism low? |Yes, Pfizer currently has over 110,000 employees and they have managed to maintain their | | |staff turnover at a rate lower than 10% per year for the past 10 years, despite the | | |industry’s average rate of 15%. | |8. Are organizational reward and control mechanisms effective? |Yes, Pfizer has recently raised its salary for its employees from the 50th to the 75th | | |percentile of markets rates. | Marketing Audit Checklist – Give an example for each response |1. Are markets segmented effectively? |Yes, Pfizer as six markets which include Brazil, China, Mexico, Turkey, Russia, and India | |2. Is the organization positioned well among competitors? |Yes, Pfizer ranks #2 right behind Proctor and Gamble | |3. Has the organization’s market share been increasing? Yes, Pfizer expects to increase its market share from 4% to 6% by reinforcing its | | |leadership, expanding developments in high growth markets, building leadership in oncology| | |and taking advantage of RD in Asia and other countries. | |4. Are present channels of distribution reliable and |No, according to Pfizer. com, globalization has made channels of distribution easy targets | |cost-effective? |for counterfeiting products. Drug Importation also poses a difficult task of closely | | |monitoring these drugs to prevent counterfeiting and damaged goods. | |5. Does the organization have an effective sales organization? Yes, For the ninth consecutive year, the Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sales Force was voted as | | |first overall in Verispan’s â€Å"Pharmaceutical Sales Force Structures. | |6. Does the organization conduct market research? |Yes, this is the basis for their business. They have to research the causes and effects | | |for the drugs that they manufacture and produce. | |7. Are the organization’s products and services priced |No, the federal government has been trying to get Pfizer to decrease its prices to be more| |appropriately? |affordable for customers. | |8. Does the organization have an effective promotion, advertising,|Yes, Pfizer products have become a household name for most. Pfizer has a marketing | |and publicity strategy? |strength in major geographical and therapeutic areas. | |9. Is marketing planning and budgeting effective? |Yes, one of Pfizer’s plans is to cut the budget of R by 12 million dollars by the end of| | |2012. | |10. Do the organization’s marketing managers have adequate |Yes, from inspection of the top marketing managers, they all have experience prior to | |experience and training? |Pfizer. | |11. Are product quality and customer service good? |Yes, Pfizer has committed to ensure that their quality is top notch and no counterfeit | | |products have been purchased by their consumers. They have implemented numerous plans in | | |order to assure top quality. This stems from their procurement strategies such as making | | |sure that their suppliers only produce the utmost quality of products. | Finance Audit Checklist – Give an example for each response |1. Where is the organization financially strong weak as |Yes, the company has a high gross profit margin at 81. 5%, which indicates a strong | |indicated by financial ratio analyses? |position in the market. | |2. Can the organization raise needed short-term capital? |Yes, their operating activity ratios for the most part have improved. For example, their | | |inventory turnover decreased in 2009 to 4. 03 but then increased in 2010 to 8. 07. | |3. Can the organization raise needed long-term capital through |Yes, most of the company’s ratios seemed to have decreased in 2009, but most recuperated | |debt and/or equity? |in 2010. For xample, total asset turnover decreased in 2009 to 0. 23 but then increased in| | |2010 to 0. 35. | |4. Does the organization have sufficient working capital? |Yes, the company’s working capital increased since 2009. In 2010, the working capital was | | |$18,991 million. | |5. Are capital budgeting procedures effective? |Yes, the company has deci ded to cut back in R costs in order to save capital | |6. Are dividend payout policies reasonable? |No, the payout for dividends is currently $. 20 per share which is $. 3 less than its | | |number one competitor, Proctor Gamble | |7. Does the organization have good relations with its investors |Yes, all the financials are reported online and there is a sense of transparency with the | |and stockholders? |investors and the company. | |8. Are the organization’s financial managers experienced and well |Yes, all managers have experience prior to working at Pfizer | |trained? | | R Audit Checklist – Give an example for each response |1. Does the organization have R facilities? Are they adequate? |Yes, Pfizer has the world’s largest research. Pfizer has six main research locations, | | |which include: New York, California, Massachusetts, Connecticut, UK and Missouri. | |2. If outside R organizations are used, are they cost-effective? |N/A, Pfizer does not use outside R organizations. | |3. Are the organization’s R personnel well qualified? |Yes, Pfizer has a rigorous screening process for their scientists that work in R. This | | |is done to ensure a quality product. | |4. Are management information and computer systems adequate? Yes, Pfizer engaged PA Consulting Group to create and implement a rapid, insightful | | |information management solution that would help the company manage and derive value from | | |the wealth of project and agreement information. 14 | |5. Is communication between R and other organizational units |Yes, communication has to be effective when it comes to R and the other sectors. This | |effective? |has to be done to ensure safe, effective products. | |6. Are present products technologically competitive? |Yes, Pfizer has some of the leading medications in areas such as Internal Medicine. The | | |drug Lipitor is the leading drug for the reduction of cholesterol in the industry as of | | How to cite Pfizer Strageic Plan, Essay examples

Economics Solutions Product Differentiation

Question: Discuss about the Economics Solutions for Product Differentiation. Answer: Introduction: Product differentiation is the general marketing of products by creating minor variations from other products which are used by customers while making a choice. In economics or marketing, product differentiation is utilized in distinguishing a specific product from another which may be functionally same, but the differentiation helps in attracting customers which helps the firm gain economic profits. As a product becomes more attractive to the customers, if product differentiation is done effectively it can generate competitive advantage for the product because it becomes finer or unique in the eyes of the customers (Varian, 2010). Types and sources of product differentiation: Product differentiation can be of various types starting from just making changes in the styling or packaging of the product, to making changes in prices because of lower costs or changes in functional features of the product. The basic objective of such differentiation is to change the perspective of the customer towards a particular product compared to another product. There are generally three types of product differentiation namely: Simple, Horizontal and Vertical. Simple product differentiation is based on different characteristics. Horizontal and Vertical are opposites in nature where horizontal product differentiation is based on one single feature but the consumer cannot differentiate the product with higher quality whereas in case of vertical, it is also differentiation on the basis son one feature but the consumer can differentiate. Product differentiation arises from various sources. The main sources are: When the non-functional features of a product are highlighted in contrast to another product even though there functional features are same then that kind of a differentiation is called non-functional in nature. This can be done by bringing styling changes of the product, or its color, or with very unique advertising. Sometimes lower cost in the production of one product with the same functions of another helps the producer in offering a lower selling price which acts as a lower cost or pricing differentiation Differences based on location or time which creates a differentiation in availability of he product (Boundless Economics) When buyers overlook essential features or quality of the product it also creates a sort of differentiation Analysis Of Product Differentiation: Product differentiation also helps in creating brand loyalty towards a particular brand which is preferred particularly by customers because of its unique design or outlook. If a firm is successful in making the consumer highly desire the product then the demand for the product rises which helps the consumer sell at a higher price and hence brings in economic profits for the consumer. A good example for product differentiation can be the market for mobile phones like the differentiation strategies adopted by Apple to differentiate its very famous i-phone from other phones. Apple uses various product differentiation strategies to differentiate i-phone from other mobile phones. Such strategies involve both functional as well as non-functional and is very much evident that they have been successful in changing the perspective of consumers towards i-phone making it more attractive and highly demanded which in turn allows Apple to charge higher prices. Apple uses all kinds of non-pricing strategies through advertising, marketing, unique design, functional features being unique, etc. Apple being an imperfective competitive firm has been successful in creating competitive advantage (Hanks, 2016). It is very much common to ask that such imperfective firms can easily charge a lower price and take over the market but it wouldnt do something like that because it involves the decrease in profits due to lower revenues. How product differentiation help is through affecting the demand curve of the market. A firm gains some sort of pricing power in the market. With differentiation the firm makes the product more preferred by the customers and hence with price changes customers become less likely to divert away from the product thus making the demand curve more inelastic in nature. With inelastic demand curve the price rises at the same quantity making the firm earn more profits. As we see in the figure below for a firm in an imperfective competition the profit maximizing output is attained at price=marginal cost or P=MC. Hence, in part (a) of the figure we see that the demand curve is elastic. Profit maximizing output is Q as there P=MC and ATC which is the average total cost is below the average revenue curve which brings the firm economic profits (Pindyck et al, 2009). Now in the part (b) of the figure we see that the demand curve becomes steeper implying it becomes inelastic which raises the price further bringing the firm more profits at the same quantity of Q. The red shaded region the diagrams show the profit earned by the firm. Conclusion: Hence we see how product differentiation helps big firms attract more customers and gain profits in future. By making minuscule functional or non-functional features in styling, packaging or design of products, producer can make customers desire the product more, increasing the demand for product, making the demand curve inelastic and increasing the price which further increases the profits. Differentials In Wages Across Industries/Ocupations And Within Industries/Occupations Introduction: Wages are monetary compensations or the remuneration that the employer pays the employee on getting a job done. It can be some sort of gross or annual pay or including bonuses, commissions but excluding shift differentials or profit payments. Wages across individuals or occupations differ a lot. These wage differentials can be within the same industry whereas also can exist across the industries. It is comparatively easy for us to apply our common sense to realize that different occupations do have different wages as all individuals do not possess the same set of skills and credentials and labor demand and supply acts as a crucial component in fixing different wages of different occupations (Piana, 2001). But if we consider difference in wages of individuals within the same industry then economics concepts do not completely justify the phenomenon. This happens because when such wage differentials are considered then one has to distinguish two workers based on various other criteria which do not relate to economic concepts completely. Wages between two workers in the same occupation can be due to a number of reasons staring from the skill sets of each worker, their innate abilities, working conditions, geographical regions as well as human capital acquisition (Sowell, 2010). Types Of Wage Differentials: The top 5 cause of wage differentials are: Occupational differences: In this case occupations in an organization are very much different from each other based on skill requirements, period of employment requirements and extent of responsibility. Differences within occupations boost and challenge people to work harder to attain greater higher paying occupations by developing through high level education or training. For example the salary of a manager is higher than that of the junior officers or assistants because the manager has attained higher degree of education experience. Jobs with high skilled labor have more inelastic demand and supply curves compared to jobs with lower skilled labor (Sikder, 2006). This happens because high skilled laborers helps in bringing more profit for the organization and have high qualifications whereas low skilled workers do not have high qualification are many in number and with low marginal revenue product as they may not bring higher profits for the firm (Spaulding, 2016). As we see below t he demand and supply curves of higher skilled and low skilled workers with the former receiving higher wages than the latter. Inter-firm differentials: In the same area or occupation there can be wage differences in between different plants, etc. These differences are based on the quality of labor, labor market imperfections and equipment efficiency differences along with technological advancement, financial capability, size and age of firm, managerial efficiency, raw material availability, etc. Regional differences: Wages also differ between workers of the same occupation but different geographical areas. This happens because differences in working conditions, that are prevalent based on the different regions. Inter-industry differences: Workers of same occupation, same region but of different industries also face wage differentials. These wage differences occur because of the differences in skill requirements, nature of the product market, level of unionization, etc. Personal wage differences: Workers of same occupation can have difference in wages because of the difference in the personal characteristics of the workers. As reported by Elka Torpey in a report that in May 2014 the top earning 10% of athletes and sports competitors earned more than $187200 cutoff whereas the lowest earning 10% of athletes were seen to have annual wages even less than $20190 which is even sufficiently less than the median wage of $35540 for all in the occupations (Torpey, 2015). These differences are based on the innate abilities or skill sets of the workers which the worker may naturally possess or had gained expertise in being more efficient than the other workers. Compensating wage differentials: When jobs in the same industry differ as one asks for more risk taking or working for longer hours which pays the worker more than the one which does not have such requirements. This is in form of compensation to the worker. We know demand supply mechanisms in the labor market may give rise to occupational wage differentials as for certain occupation the demand may be much higher leading to higher prices whereas for some it may be lower leading to higher wages. The demand for labor is a derived demand in the sense that its demand is derived from the demand of the good or service the worker has expert skills in (Mankiw, 2007). Causes Giving Rise To Wage Differentials: We saw the types of wage differentials above and we see that there are many reasons which give rise to wage differentials and these maybe beyond the scope of economics. These reasons are: Qualifications or credentials: Individuals with higher educational degrees earn more than the ones not possessing such credentials. Experience: A workers experience is a crucial determinant of his wage. No wonder a senior analyst with much more experience is paid much higher than a junior analyst with not that much of experience (Lipsey at al, 2011) Specific job responsibilities: Jobs with more complex tasks are paid higher than the ones which are comparatively simpler. These tasks imposes greater responsibility on the worker and simultaneously demand expert skills from the worker hence paying him more Trade unionization: As trade unions collectively possess a bargaining power they can negotiate with employers to earn higher wages. (Economics Online) Success and Performance: A person who is more efficient, had been performing well with a good track record and had been successful to get a job in a particular industry which has very small supply of such high skilled workers can easily earn much higher than others. Revenue creation: Workers more productive and the ones who can earn higher revenues for the firm are paid higher by the organization Discrimination: Employer discrimination also can be included in this list as discrimations between genders by organizations and industries had been an influencing factor to create wage differentials between men and women of the same occupation (Riley, 2016) Human capital acquisition: employers also reward workers who devote in acquisitation of higher educational degrees or trainings which may be part time or full time (Samuelson et al, 2010). Conclusion: Hence we saw, that how various factors create the different types of wage differentials. If we focus on the rationale behind wage differentials we find that there are two views. Firstly, we consider the socialistic patterns of the society and government here plays the role of minimizing inequalities in incomes as well as wealth distribution so that the society as a whole develops boosting the economic growth through the channels of higher quality human capital and getting more jobs done with increase in aggregate demand and income. Secondly, wage differentials get their justification through the wide demand supply mismatches in the labor market. The differences here are based on skill requirements, ability, knowledge, aptitude, experience and also the derived demand of the particular labor. Another justification given in support of wage differentials is the full natural resources exploitation (Chand, 2016). References: Lipsey, R Chrystal, A 2011, Economics, Oxford, New Delhi Sowell, T 2010, Basic economics, Basic books, USA Mankiw, G 2003, Macroeconomics, Worth publishers, New York Sikdar, S 2006, Principles of macroeconomics, Oxford, New Delhi Pindyck, R, Rubinfeld, D Mehta, P 2009, Microeconomics, Pearson, South Asia Boundless Economics, 2016, Product differentiation, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/boundless-economics-textbook/monopolistic-competition-12/monopolistic-competition-75/product-differentiation-281-12378/ Riley, G, 2016, Labor market-wage differentials, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/labour-market-wage-differentials Spaulding, W, 2016, Wage differentials, viewed 31 August 2016, https://thismatter.com/economics/wage-differentials.htm Economics Online, 2016, Labor Market, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/The_labour_market.html Piana, V, 2001, Wages, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/wages.htm Torpey, E, 2015, Same occupation Different pay: How wages vary, viewed 31 August, 2016, https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm Samuelson, P Nordhaus, W 2010, Economics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi Mankiw, G 2007, Economics: principles and applications, Cengage learning, New Delhi Hanks, G, 2016, Apple Pricing strategy, viewed 1 August 2016, https://www.ehow.com/way_5815745_apple-differentiation-strategy.html Chand, S, 2016, Top 5 causes of wage differentials, viewed 1 August 2016, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hrm/jobs/top-5-causes-of-wage-differentials-explained/35339/ Varian, H 2010, Intermediate microeconomics, Affiliated East-West Press, New Delhi

The play of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

The play of Romeo and Juliet Essay The play of Romeo and Juliet is still very popular today. The themes of love, feud and tragedy are very interesting which makes it have a lot of suspense; furthermore, it makes the play very exciting, as it has universal themes. The position of women in society was very different to men. Women were supposed to be obedient, quiet and done whatever a man wants them to. There was a lack of womens rights, for example, women were not allowed to make their own choices, about who they could marry. Despite the fact that at that time, England was ruled by a female monarch, women had very little control over the direction of their life. Families during this time centred on the traditional patriarchal paradigm that of domination and submission. The father was the head of the household and rule over his wife and children. This also meant that the father would choose his daughters future husband; this means the father would arrange the marriage. In those days marriage was a way of inheriting money and land, shall you this night inherit at my house. Women were merely a tool for whatever a use a man wanted them for. The focus of my work will be on Juliet and how she interacts with the other characters to make the play dramatic for the audience. We will write a custom essay on The play of Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Juliet is a young, 14 year old, who is the daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. She is an only child of Capulet, since all of the other children have passed away, earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she. Her social situation means she should behave in a certain way. She should be quiet and do exactly what her father expects her to. She is supposed to marry according to her social status, whoever the father finds and only if he thinks the man is appropriate. In this case, the father Capulet has chosen Paris to marry Juliet, We have wrought so worthy a gentleman to be her bride? In act 1 scene 3, she learns that her father has found a husband for her, think of marriage now so how she behaves in act 2 scene 2, is really shocking for the audience. In act 2 scene 2, is when Juliet first sees Romeo, it is love at first sight, in this scene she behaves very differently. They are at a party, at the Capulets mansion. Romeo loves Juliet from the first moment he sees her, she falls instantly in love with him. Lines 92-105, when the lovers first meet, are written like a sonnet. Sonnet writing was a popular and highly esteemed activity at Queen Elizabeths court. Furthermore, Romeo compares Juliet to a shrine or saint. Religious imagery runs through their conversation, profane, faith. Romeo uses religious imagery; he is trying really hard to show Juliet that it is not lust that he is feeling but love. He is trying to say that he worships the ground that Juliet treads on. He uses his words very carefully so that he does not disrespect or profane her. Romeos language is d ifferent from how he spoke earlier in the play. He is more passionate, romantic and caring, my lips two blushing pilgrims ready stand, rather than upset and angry, which he had been in previous acts because he was upset over the rejection of Rosalines love, sad hours seem long. After this scene, Juliet starts to question her thoughts. She has found out by the nurse that Romeo is a Montague, my only love sprung from my only hate, and then she later questions herself about her feelings she has for Romeo and whether she should tell him, whether he will think she behaves like this around all men, or if thou thinkst I am too quickly won, even though he is a Montague. Juliet questions why a name should matter, whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet and it is after this that Romeo also expresses his love for her. This is also linked with another of the main characters, Friar Lawrence. He plays a major part in what happens to Romeo and Juliet. Act 2 scene 3 is where we first meet him. In this scene, Friar Lawrence agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet because he believes their marriage will end the feuding of the Montagues and the Capulets. However, would changing someones and somethings name make a huge impact? This is not likely. Although if Juliet was found out, this would have caused a lot of uproar, confusion and sadness, as a Capulet would become a Montague, which would make the family very unhappy. Juliet is very polite towards her mother, I am here madam, what is your will? however in act 1 scene 3, she shows she can be very diplomatic if she ever needed to reject anything, it is an honour I dream not of. On the other hand, Capulet is certain that Juliet will obey him, I think she will be ruled in all aspects by me, nay more, I doubt it not, but in act 3 scene 5 this is not the case. .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .postImageUrl , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:hover , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:visited , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:active { border:0!important; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:active , .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0 .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc30279d6e50fce99e1074985299272c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet - Romeos' diary EssayForeshadowing is a dramatic technique used by Shakespeare, I would the fool were married to her grave, ironically, this is spoken by her mother about Juliet; as the audience already knows her fate is death, it is a way of startling, and reminding, them. Moreover, Juliet makes the play very dramatic, for example act 3 scene 4 is full of dramatic irony, eg even as Capulet plans Juliets marriage, she is eagerly awaiting her husband in her bedroom. This makes the audience feel a lot of suspension as to what will happen next. It makes them use their judgement on what the characters should do, to question if Romeo and Juliet are right to do what they are doing, if they are in love or whether it is wrong, as family honour should come first. Act 3 scene 5 begins the morning after their wedding. Juliet tries to persuade Romeo that it is not yet dawn, and not time to leave her. At first he says he must go, but then resolves to say to stay and face capture and death, Juliet then reluctantly accepts this and they say their good byes. Then the nurse warns the lovers that lady Capulet is coming. As Romeo leaves, Juliets words are filled with foreboding. When lady Capulet arrives, she instantly mistakes Juliets tears for Romeo, as grief for Tybalts death. Juliets replies strengthen her mothers mistaken belief, and she threatens vengeance, promising to have Romeo poisoned in Mantua. Lady Capulet tells Juliet she must marry Paris on Thursday. Juliet appalled, refuses to do so. Capulet then comes in and mistakes Juliets tears for sorrow for Tybalts death as well. Capulet flies into a towering rage on hearing the refusal to marry Paris. He then insults her and threatens her. This scene is very important. Shakespeare uses a lot of d ramatic effects, the way the characters act and the language is also very important. Just before act 3 scene 5, Capulet is organising the marriage of Juliet and Paris, not knowing that Romeo and Juliet are upstairs in her bedroom. At this point, Shakespeare is using dramatic irony, to build up the suspense in the audience, which makes the next scene even more dramatic. Also the position of this scene is very important, because after this scene Juliet turns to Friar Lawrence for advice on what to do. But if act 3 scene 5 hadnt have existed, then she wouldnt have gone to see Friar Lawrence and therefore the story wouldnt end the way it does. In act 3 scene 5, Romeo and Juliet laugh about death, let me taken, let me be put to death. Shakespeare makes the play dramatic by putting words into characters mouths, which then later on happen. When the scene begins, the two characters talk about birds. It was the nightingale; it was the lark. The birds could be use to symbolise the situation that they are in, for instance, the lark is said to divide people, so in this case it would be dividing Romeo and Juliet. The lark is described as making straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps, which could be symbolising what is going to happen, which is that is upsetting to hear, and which could potentially divide the family. The nightingale is described as being good; even though Juliet wants the bird that she hears to be a nightingale, as this represents sweetness, Romeo realises the reality of the situation, which is not sweet at all. There is such an overwhelming amount of secrets and lies that in act 3 scene 5, it becomes breaking point, so anger and rage flares, even though the characters are oblivious to what is actually happening. It is in this scene, Capulet finds out that Juliet refuses to marry Paris, which is the cause of the massive argument between the characters. In the arguments we can see the social statuses of the characters, for example it is Capulet that said the most, it is him that is allowed to insult whom ever he wants, he calls Juliet names; tallow face, young baggage, this is the mildest insult. The reason for this could be that Capulet feels disappointed or embarrassed that his plans have now been spoilt; it could also be the acting as the patriarch, Capulet is the ruler of the family, and he is demanding his daughter to marry Paris but she does not want to. He wants complete obedience, silence and consent. So when she does not comply he humiliates Juliet, hurdle and threatens her, An you b e mine. Capulets language is exaggerated a lot; this is to show how upset he is feeling. Shakespeare wants the audience to be very shocked by this; it was certainly unheard of for a daughter to behave like this. It would have made all the fathers in the play very angry with her. During the argument we see that lady Capulet doesnt say very much. This is because women were not allowed to because of the patriarchal society they lived in. She does however; try to calm down Capulet, you are too hot, but she has very little effect in the argument. After the argument, Juliet asks her mother for sympathy is there no pity. She also asks her will she delay the marriage, which then Shakespeare uses dramatic irony, or if not, make the bridal bed in that dim monument where Tybalt lies. But Lady Capulet is not willing to contradict Capulet, and therefore said, Talk to me not, for Ill not speak a word. After this Lady Capulet exists, leaving the nurse and Juliet alone. Juliet then tries to get sympathy and advice from the nurse, oh nurse, how shall this be prevented. .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .postImageUrl , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:hover , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:visited , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:active { border:0!important; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:active , .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43 .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fe67840693e4983b12376ec5887da43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: It is the love between Romeo and Juliet that makes the play so enduringly popular To what extent do you agree with this statement? EssayShe then gets very annoyed with the nurse, as the nurse said she should marry Paris, I think it best you marry with the county. Juliet then becomes rude and demanding, like she is taking her place in the paradigm society because of her social status. She then tells the nurse to tell lady Capulet that she is going to Friar Lawrence for advice. In the end of act 3 scene 5, Juliet is left on her own, she is angry and wants to blame God for what has happened and what is happening, but she doesnt and instead she goes to see Friar Lawrence. She is deliberately isolated away from the other characters. This is done by Shakespeare, to ensure that Juliet goes to Friar Lawrence, who plays a major part in their fate. As Juliet pleads the Friar Lawrence for advice, he devises a plan to prevent Juliets marriage to Paris. Juliet declares she will do anything to escape the wedding. Friar Lawrence explains that he will give Juliet a potion to make her seem dead. She will then be placed in the Capulet vault, where Romeo will be with her when she awakens to take her to Mantua. However, Romeo hears that Juliet is dead, so he buys poison from the apothecary, and said he will kill himself that night in the tomb with Juliet. Paris comes to the tomb to lay flowers and mourn. But his page whistles to warn him someone is coming. Romeo, determined to force open the tomb, dismisses Balthasar on pain of death. Balthasar then plans to stay and watch. As Romeo begins to force entry, Paris steps forward to challenge him. Paris tries to arrest Romeo, but is slain by him instead. Romeo is dismayed to find whom he has killed, decides to grant Pariss dying wish, and lays his body beside Juliets. Romeo drinks the poison. Entering the vault, the Friar finds the dead Romeo and Paris, whilst Juliet begins to awaken. Friar Lawrence, fearful of the discovery, leaves the tomb, begging Juliet to go with him. She refuses, and stabs herself because she prefers to join Romeo in death. This shows the audience that this isnt a simple love story; and raises the question about the way love works when everything is decided by men struggling for possession of women. Also, how can a woman, like Juliet, ever get what she really wanted in a patriarchal society, where they arent supposed to speak. Juliet dies by her own hand, after she discovers Romeo dead. An important difference in their deaths, Is that Juliet dies, knowing the truth. This puts her in a heroic light. To conclude, Shakespeare makes Juliets characters very dramatic by using a lot of dramatic affects. The most commonly used effect is dramatic irony. Juliet has a big impact on the audience; because even though she had previously shocked the audience before with her rebellious behaviour, the audiences final impression of her is someone of has had a problematic and helpless life, who has had an inevitable tragic fate of that of death. On the other hand, Juliets character is interpreted in various ways. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet (1996), this is a contemporary view of the play, and Romeo and Juliet (1968), this is an old fashioned view of the play, so therefore the character of Juliet comes across differently. She is presented like a spoilt little girl in Romeo and Juliet (1968). On the other hand she seems to be a genuinely nice person in Romeo and Juliet (1996). The way she was presented was effective as even though in act 3 scene 5 she was presented as being disobedient and rebellious, in the end she showed that maybe what somebody wants for someone else is just not meant to be. That trying to control everything can have traumatic affects, a cause a lot of trouble and in this case death. In fact this still happens today.

Paradise essays

Paradise essays This story is all about a stunner, a charming teen. Her name is Belle. Let me tell you her sorrowful past. Her family, cousins and relatives rejected her. Because, she is the only one who do things wrong all the time. She can get what she wants every time, everyday, whenever she wants. But she doesnt do the things she have to, so her parents told her that; she cannot get whatever she wants anytime, anymore. Therefore, Belle rebelled, by running away from home. She use to graduate college, but she went to her boy friends house. Moreover, talk about everything. After  ½ year, Belle and her boy friend Tony got married. Before they got married, they already had two children. One is a girl named Julian and the other one is named Juliana, they are both female. Julian is 2 months older than her sister Juliana is. So it means Julian is already 11 months and her younger sister Juliana is 9 months old. But Belle is too young to have babies, right? Then after they got married, Of course they will not let the Honeymoon pass by. And so on. After months, Belle had another baby, and it is a girl, so they both named it Julie Anne. And she is just 9 months, when her sister Julian is already 1 year old, and her sister Juliana is already 12 months old. Belle is only 16 when she rebelled, and when she got married, she is only 17, and now, she had three daughters, she is only 18! Still young to have babies... Belle thought that her family was better than her childhood family when she was younger. But that belief is gone. When she saw Tony, her husband, making Love with someone else and that someone is her younger sister... Belle never thought that she could see her sister, even in that way. So Belle was surprised to see her sister, and more surprised to see her husband making love with her younger sister Anna Rose. Tony is a smart simple and dazzling man, neat and responsible. But when Tony got home. He saw her wife Belle cleaning up h...

A study on the bobath concept

A study on the bobath concept The Bobath Concept was established by the physiotherapist Berta Bobath and her husband Dr Bobath. Prior to the Bobath Concept emphasis was put on an orthopaedic approach using a range of treatments including massage, heat and splints (Raine, 2009, p.1). However, whilst treating a stroke patient, Berta Bobath found that facilitating movement in the affected limb had a profound effect on regaining function and with input from her husband they formed the Bobath Concept (Raine 2009, p.2). The Bobath Concept is still used by many practitioners with Lennon (2003, p.456) finding that out of the 1022 practitioners that took part in a questionnaire relating to stroke rehabilitation 67% preferred to use the Bobath Concept. However, despite significant use within neurological rehabilitation it has not been proven to be superior to other treatment approaches (Kollen et al, 2009, p.90). There are a number of neurological rehabilitation approaches available to practitioners. In studies analysing the use of approaches within physiotherapy for stroke patients it is apparent that the Bobath Concept and Motor Relearning are by far the most popular approaches with Johnstone and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) being used by some therapists (David and Waters 2000, p.74). This essay will aim to critically discuss the use of the Bobath Concept in stroke rehabilitation with reference to its current criticisms and lack of evidence to suggest its superiority compared with the other approaches Stroke is caused by deprivation of oxygen to part of the brain causing loss of consciousness and neural damage (Baer and Durward, 2004, p.76). Johansson (2000) suggest that the notion of plasticity comes from Merzenich and colleagues who found evidence to suggest that cortical maps can be modified by sensory input, experience and learning as well as in response to a lesion within the brain. This could therefore explain why the facilitation of movement advocated in the Bobath Concep t works well. The British Bobath Training Association (no date) suggests that the contemporary Bobath Concept consists of the facilitation of movement within the patients environment utilising a problem solving approach to enhance the motor control of the body. This concurs with the International Bobath Instructors Training Association (IBITA 2008, p.1). At the time of its inception the Bobath was revolutionary as it promoted the regaining of function in the affected limb instead of merely finding ways to compensate for the affected limbs dysfunction which in turn leads to the regain of motor control of the affected limb (Graham et al 2009, p.57). The Bobath Concept has developed over time and as a result the IBITA have put together a document to outline a set of current theoretical assumptions of the Bobath Concept to include: ‘1. Linking participation, activities and underlying impairments 2. Organization of human behaviour and motor control 3. The consequences of injury and dysfunction in the execution of movement 4. Recovery Neural and muscle plasticity Motor learning 5. Measurement of outcome’ (IBITA 2008, pp.1). The IBITA state that the Bobath Concept has promoted the link between treatment activities and the patient’s activities of daily living for a number of years and that specific goals must be set for the individual patient (IBITA 2008, p.2). This suggests that the Bobath Concept is a very individual approach and there are no set criteria that address every patient in the same way. Lennon and Ashburn (2000, p.670-671) performed a focus group with expert therapists. Both groups in the study suggested that goal setting was an important component of the therapy. However, one group stated that goals were decided in the assessment and based upon the patient’s problem areas where as the other group stated that goals were based on regaining motor control and movement. It can be seen in these groups that although goals were seen a s important therapists may not be making them patient specific. There are drawbacks with this study in that the group was very small however as the study was a focus group this would have been necessary to remain in control in the group situation. Furthermore, the therapists were chosen though selection from their interest group (Association of chartered physiotherapists with an interest in neurology and physiotherapists interested in the care of older people) and as a result it is unclear whether these therapists are actually Bobath focused practitioners. Raine (2007, p.147) argues that in their study they found that goal and task orientation that was functional to the patient was a major feature of Bobath therapy. The participants were all members of the BBTA and had extensive Bobath training and therefore it would be accepted that their understanding of the assumptions behind the Bobath Concept would be great as they are teaching the concept to others. However, the study does not show the carryover of these assumptions to the practitioners that are not members within the BBTA.

Retail Business Analysis and Decision-Making Case Study

Retail Business Analysis and Decision-Making - Case Study Example The general strategy was low price but the price elasticity of the product and other factors were taken into consideration in terms of quantity purchased and price set. Product 1 An assessment of the historical trends along with pre-simulation market information revealed that the average demand for the product was 2,590,000 in year 1 and 2,680,000 in year 2. The growth in demand was expected to continue based on the trend in the graph. This was attributed to the fact that product is widely used by all age and income groups in the population. The demand is relatively price inelastic so the level of promotional expenses on the product was relatively less than on the other products. Our team ordered products for two periods in quarter 1 and three periods in quarter 2. This strategy worked fairly well as all inventories carried forward to quarter 3 were sold. Our team’s market share for this product was considered very low. Product 2 Although there is a general upward demand, the pre-simulation market report indicates that this is a discretionary product and that there is a higher level of brand awareness for the product when compared to Product 1. Therefore, demand for the product is based on promotions. ... There was no sale in quarter 1 and so less was ordered for quarters 3 and 4. The price was drastically reduced in quarter 2 and our team was therefore left with no stock on hand as the price was way below the market and suggests that our team was not aware of what the competition was doing. The other two periods saw minimal stock balances on hand at the end of the period. Our market share for this product in quarter 2 was 24.3% which is good when one considers that the market had eight participants. However, quarters 1, 3 and 4 were way below par. Product 3 An analysis of the demand for Product 3 indicates ups and downs in year 1. Year 2 on the other hand showed increases in quarter 2 over quarter 1 and so on up to the 4th quarter with drastic increases of over 50% on the previous quarter. Information obtained reveals that only a narrow segment the population demands this product and that there is a great brand loyalty. This product is a discretionary product and therefore it may sho w dramatic swings based on the economy. However, strong interest tends to prevent this from happening. Since price has an impact on the volume during gift giving periods such as quarter 4 it is best to keep the price at a low price in order to benefit from increased sales volume. Our team sold off all the inventories on hand in quarters 1 and 2 which indicates that too little goods were on hand to satisfy demand. Our market share was average for this product ranging from 15.6% to 12.5%. Product 4 Based on the trends in historic demand for the product it is clear that demand is cyclical with the lowest demand in quarter 1 of each year. Quarter 2 followed by quarter 3 is the period of highest sales with demand in quarter 2 increasing by between four and five

Market Research on Foreclosure Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Research on Foreclosure Markets - Essay Example The number of annual foreclosure filings rose from 1.3 million in 2006 to 2.2 million in 2007, to 3.3 million in 2008, and to almost 4.0 million in 2009 (RealtyTrac). In order to determine whether foreclosure will continue, it is first necessary to determine the causes of these higher foreclosure rates and then to determine whether those causes are continuing. Foreclosures occur because an individual with a mortgage cannot afford the mortgage any longer and because the individual will not recover the amount of the mortgage from the sale of the home. So it is necessary to figure out what might cause individuals to have difficulty affording a mortgage and for the house values to decline below mortgage values. What might cause a decline in mortgage affordability would be closely related to all macroeconomic measures that affect income. So GDP and the unemployment rate will certainly affect incomes and thus home affordability, since less GDP means less economic activity, which in turn means declining profits and more unemployment. Obviously, lower profits and more unemployment translates into less money for people and thus more people unable to afford their mortgages. In fact there has been an extremely close correlation between unemployment rate and mortgage delinquency. One analysis has found a correlation of 98% between unemployment rate and delinquency rate between 2004 and the middle of 2009 (Calculated Risk). This close relationship is a contrast to what has been evidenced in the past, as the correlation between foreclosure rates and unemployment rates were found to be weak before this latest housing boom/bust cycle. In 1998 two economists examined the relationship between unemployme nt and mortgage foreclosure rates from 1950 to 1998, and concluded that there was very little correlation between unemployment changes and mortgage foreclosures (Elmer and Seelig). Yet because of the changing nature of mortgages beginning in the 1990s, the association between foreclosures and unemployment has become quite significant. Traditionally 20% downpayments had been the minimum requirement for most borrowers, but this requirement was increasingly weakened over the last 10-15 years (Calculated Risk). Therefore suddenly unemployed or underemployed homeowners who must sell may find themselves with mortgages worth more than the value of the home, due to the lack of equity and the declining home values, and will therefore have to foreclose.So as long as there is high unemployment and declining home values, more foreclosures are likely to occur. The decline in the house value below the mortgage value would occur if housing prices have fallen from the original time the mortgage was issued. Home prices began their decline in the middle of 2006 and have fallen to 2003 levels, and have shown modest increases since the beginning of 2009 (Case-Shiller). So homes that were purchased after 2003 are the most vulnerable to foreclosure. Home purchases before 2003 will be vulnerable to foreclosure if there was refinancing. The closer in time the home purchase or refinance was to the peak of mid-2006, the more vulnerable that loan will be to foreclosure, since those loans will have the highest mortgage/home value ratios. During the 1990s, mortgage loan originations (both purchase and refinance) were around 200 billion per quarter. This number began to rise in the late 1990s, fell back briefly, and started to rise again

Pregnancy and Briefly Informs Jessica Essay Example for Free

Pregnancy and Briefly Informs Jessica Essay Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the U.S. for the last 3 years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their Aunt Maria’s home and into an apartment of their own. They are both hard workers. Jessica works 50 hours a week at a local restaurant, and Marco has been contracting side jobs in construction. Six months before their move to an apartment, Jessica finds out she is pregnant. Four months later, Jessica and Marco arrive at the county hospital, a large, public, nonteaching hospital. A preliminary ultrasound indicates a possible abnormality with the fetus. Further scans are conducted and it is determined that the fetus has a rare condition in which it has not developed any arms, and will not likely develop them. There is also a 25% chance that the fetus may have Down syndrome. Dr. Wilson, the primary attending physician is seeing Jessica for the first time, since she and Marco did not receive earlier prenatal care over concerns about finances. Marco insists that Dr. Wilson refrain from telling Jessica the scan results, assuring him that he will tell his wife himself when she is emotionally ready for the news. While Marco and Dr. Wilson are talking in another room, Aunt Maria walks into the room with a distressed look on her face. She can tell that something is wrong and inquires of Dr. Wilson. After hearing of the diagnosis, she walks out of the room wailing loudly and praying out loud. Marco and Dr. Wilson continue their discussion, and Dr. Wilson insists that he has an obligation to Jessica as his patient and that she has a right to know the diagnosis of the fetus. He furthermore is intent on discussing all relevant factors and options regarding the next step, including abortion. Marco insists on taking some time to think of how to break the news to Jessica, but Dr. Wilson, frustrated with the direction of the conversation, informs the husband that such a choice is not his to make. Dr. Wilson proceeds back across the hall, where he walks in on Aunt Maria awkwardly praying with Jessica and phoning the priest. At that point, Dr. Wilson gently but briefly informs Jessica of the diagnosis, and lays out the option for abortion as a responsible medical alternative, given the quality of life such a child would have. Jessica looks at him and struggles to hold back her tears.

Muckrakers Essay -- essays research papers fc

Muckraking was a powerful journalistic force, whose supporters made it become so. Muckraking was the practice of writers and critics exposing corrupt politicians and business practices. President Theodore Roosevelt made the term "muck-raker" popular. He once said The man with the muck-rake, the man who could look no way but downward with the muck-rake in his hands; who was offered a celestial crown for his muckrake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake himself the filth of the floor. Some, like Roosevelt viewed methods of muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, Ray S. Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair as these types of people. Others saw these muckraking methods as perfectly acceptable for fighting against the industrial powerhouses. Either way, these muckrakers worked hard to arouse sentiment in the hearts of the public (Reiger 1). Muckraking actually began long before the years of 1900-1902, when the muckraking movement is credited to have begun. Jesus was probably the first muckraker. Years later, Martin Luther exposed the corruptness of the Catholic Church. Also, early Abolitionist works--Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Helper's The Impending Crisis used muckraking to get a point across. However, events during the 1890s most directly paved the way for the critiques and exposures of existing conditions. This period was able to reach a limited upper class and the muckrakers were able to expand appeal to the average middle class citizen (Reiger 49-50). One reason for the outspread of muckraking was the explosion of journalism. From 1870-1909 the number of daily newspapers circulated boomed from 574 to 2,600 and the number of subscribers from 2,800,000 to 24,800,000. With this increase, newspaper owners and editors needed new bait to reel in its subscribers. The newspaper editors wanted to replace ordinary town gossip with gossip about the latest events of the city. Therefore, in newspapers they placed the most shocking events and kept the rural mind drooling for more. As newspaper circulation grew, the large newspaper depended much less on political parties and could now even challenge them. Newspapers played on the new human interest, the concern of the wealthy with the affairs of those below them, status-wise. This "story of the poor" became the basic outline for muckraking (Ho... ...direct success. However, indirectly, it was one of the most powerful journalistic movements of our history. The total circulation of the ten muckraking magazines reached over three million. Also, Upton Siclair's novels The Brass Check and The Jungle went over the hundred thousand mark by 1932. A new political movement of reformed capitalism was undergone as the muckraking era pounded out its grievances. Most importantly though, people, partly because of the information which muckrakers revealed, partly because of the visions of better things which reformers brought forth, and partly because of horrid personal experiences, began to regard big business as an enemy rather than a friend (Reiger 194-196). Works Cited Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1962. Reiger, C. C. The Era of the Muckrakers. Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1957. Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities." Upton Sinclair. 1924. <http://home.vicnet.net.au/~earthshr/upton.html> (17 Dec. 1999)

Audio Lingual Method Essay

Compare and contrast the Direct Method and the Audio-Lingual Method. (1) Both are oral-based approaches. (2) The Direct Method emphasizes vocabulary acquisition through exposure to its use in situations; the Audio-Lingual Method drills students in the use of grammatical sentence patterns. (3) Unlike the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method has a strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology. 2- How has the behavioral psychology influenced the Audio-Lingual Method? It was thought that the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language was through conditioning—helping learners to respond correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement. (2) Learners could overcome the habits of their native language and form the new habits required to be target language speakers. 3- Define a backward build-up drill (expansion drill). State its purpose and advantages. (1) Definition: The teacher breaks down a line into several parts. The students repeat a part of the sentence, usually the last phrase of the line. Then, following the teacher’s cue, the students expand what they are repeating part by part until they are able to repeat the entire line. The teacher begins with the part at the end of the sentence (and works backward from there) to keep the intonation of the line as natural as possible. This also directs more student attention to the end of the sentence, where new information typically occurs. (2) Purpose: The purpose of this drill is to break down the troublesome sentence into smaller parts. (3) Advantages: (a) The teacher is able to give the students help in producing the troublesome line. Having worked on the line in small pieces, the students are also able to take note of where each word or phrase begins and ends in the sentence. 4- Define a repetition drill. Students are asked to listen carefully to the teacher’s model, and then they have to repeat and attempt to mimic the model as accurately and as quickly as possible. 5- Define a chain drill. State its advantages. (1) Definition: The chain of conversation that forms around the room as students, oneby- one, ask and answer questions of each other. The teacher begins the chain by greeting a particular student, or asking him a question. That student responds, and then turns to the student sitting next to him. (2) Advantages: (A) A chain drill gives students an opportunity to say the lines individually. (B) The teacher listens and can tell which students are struggling and will need more practice. (C) A chain drill also lets students use the expressions in communication with someone else, even though the communication is very limited. 6- Define a single-slot substitution drill. State its purpose. (1) Definition: The teacher says a line, usually from the dialog. Next, the teacher says a word or a phrase—called the cue. The students repeat the line the teacher has given them, substituting the cue into the line in its proper place. (2) Purpose: The major purpose of this drill is to give the students practice in finding and filling in the slots of a sentence. 7- Define a multiple-slot substitution drill. State its purpose. This drill is similar to the single-slot substitution drill. The difference is that the teacher gives cue phrases, one at a time, that fit into different slots in the dialog line. The students must recognize what part of speech each cue is, or at least, where it fits into the sentence, and make any other changes, such as subject-verb agreement. They then say the line, fitting the cue phrase into the line where it belongs. 8- Define transformation drill. Students are asked to change one type of sentence into another—an affirmative sentence into a negative or an active sentence into a passive.

Literary Technique in “The Story of an Hour” and “A Rose for Emily”

The protagonists of â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† by William Faulkner long for a freedom withheld by the heavy hand of their surroundings. At the presentation of both these stories, it is easy to see how this could become a classic telling of the Southern condition but the skillful use of foreshadowing and symbolism creates irony in a series of seemingly ordinary events. Both women in these stories were bound by the strict expectations of their society.Louise and Emily not only feel but also live by the demands that society and their families have placed on them. When they finally realize their sovereignty, they attempt to maintain it in the most unconventional manner. In Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Emily endures the push and pull of social graces and the strict expectations of a lady well into her life. After her father, and last attachment to pre-war decencies, passes, Emily confines herself to her home. She eventually begins to date a young man, Homer Baron, a day laborer and heavy drinker who is far from the accepted suitor. Emily seems to have achieved her purpose as a true Southern lady when she marries Baron. For reasons unbeknown to her ever-prying town, she then boards up her home and never leaves again. Upon her death the town realizes that Baron died, or rather had been killed, shortly after the wedding while his corpse lay in the marriage bed ever since.This absolute preservation of a thriving time was the only way Emily could maintain freedom in her mind. Emily had become so engrossed in the norms of her culture that her world became too small to live in. Caught in the societal transition of Civil War aftermath) and with the constant vigilance of Emily by the townspeople, we can see there is no option for complete fulfillment in her life. Her choice to live in a â€Å"snapshot† of her life becomes the only adequate one. Like Emily, the protagonist in â€Å"The Sto ry of an Hour,† Louise, feels inhibited in her life.When Louise Mallard is told of her husband's death, she rejoices seeing the possibility for a new course in life, free from the obligation of marriage. In the early moments of her new venture, it is discovered her husband is in fact alive. She was imprisoned in her husband's life, free in his death, and then entombed by the realization of the misinformation. Brently Mallard's death symbolizes the end of obligatory formalities on Louise; the loss of her new found freedom stops her heart from beating.It is clear that the expectation of Louise is so overwhelming that her body literally cannot sustain its pressure any longer. In the beginning of the story the reader is warned of Louise’s heart troubles, it is then discovered this â€Å"trouble† may have manifested because of her conformation to social practices. This story initially leads the reader to a presumption of a typical reaction by a genteel Southern woman, but with the admission into the true thoughts of Louise, the reader may see what is customary is not always what is natural.The characters of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† personify women who have been lost in a world cultured by society, inhibited by its demands and mistaken by its perceptions. These stories force a more critical reading of what could be seen as â€Å"typical† behavior. The controversies of the Southern tradition are personified in both characters, representing larger ideas that would perpetuate the downfall of a culture. As these stories employ foreshadowing as a literary tactic, the stories themselves aim to suggest an unfavorable end if reconsideration is not given to the status quo.